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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean CLKs' awareness and capacity to make use of relational affordances and learning-internal factors, were significant. The RIs from TS & ZL, for example, cited their relationship with their local professor as a major factor in their decision to stay clear of criticising a strict prof (see the example 2). This article examines all local pragmatic research on Korean published until 2020. It focuses on the practical important topics such as: Discourse Construction Tests The discourse completion test (DCT) is an instrument that is widely used in pragmatic research. It has numerous advantages, but also some disadvantages. For instance the DCT cannot account for cultural and personal differences in communication. The DCT can also be biased and result in overgeneralizations. It is important to carefully analyze the data before being used for research or assessment. Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable tool to study the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate social variables that affect the manner of speaking in two or more steps can be a benefit. This ability can be used to study the effect of prosody in different cultural contexts. In the field of linguistics DCT is among the most effective tools used to analyze the communication habits of learners. It can be used to analyze various issues, including the manner of speaking, turn-taking and lexical choices. It can also be used to determine the phonological complexity of the learners' speech. A recent study employed the DCT to evaluate EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were given a set of scenarios to choose from and were then asked to select the appropriate response. The authors concluded that the DCT was more efficient than other methods of refusal that included a questionnaire as well as video recordings. The researchers cautioned that the DCT must be used with caution. They also suggested using other data collection methods. DCTs are often designed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, such as the content and the form. These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test creators. They aren't always exact and could be misleading in describing how ELF learners actually respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires more research into different methods of assessing the ability to refuse. A recent study examined DCT responses to requests made by students through email with those obtained from an oral DCT. The results revealed that DCTs favored more direct and conventionally-indirect request forms and used less hints than email data. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study investigated Chinese learners' choices in their use of Korean by using a range of experimental tools, such as Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) as well as metapragmatic questionnaires and Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs with upper-intermediate proficiency who gave responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also required to provide reflections on their evaluations and refusals in RIs. The results showed that CLKs often chose to resist native Korean pragmatism norms. Their choices were influenced by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their current life experiences as well as their relationship affordances. These findings have pedagogical implications for L2 Korean assessment. First, the MQ data were examined to identify the participants' rational choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the responses were compared to their linguistic performance in the DCTs to determine whether they showed a pattern of resistance to pragmatics or not. The interviewees also had to explain the reasons for choosing an atypical behavior in certain situations. The results of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and z-tests. The CLKs were found to use euphemistic words like “sorry” or “thank you”. This was probably due to their lack of experience with the target languages, which led to a lack of knowledge of korean's pragmatic norms. The results showed that the CLKs' preferences for converging to L1 norms or departing from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms differed based on the DCT situations. For instance, in Situations 3 and 12, the CLKs preferred to diverge from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms, whereas in Situation 14 they favored a convergence to L1 norms. The RIs revealed that CLKs were aware of their practical resistance to each DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-to-one within two days after the participants had completed the MQs. The RIs, which were transcribed and recorded by two coders who were independent, were then coded. The coding process was iterative, with the coders re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of coding were contrasted with the original RI transcripts, which gave an indication of how well the RIs were able to capture the fundamental behavior. Refusal Interviews The most important issue in research on pragmatics is: Why do certain learners refuse to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research attempted to answer this question with various experimental tools, including DCTs MQs and RIs. The participants were comprised of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs, and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were asked to complete the DCTs and MQs in their L1 or L2 levels. Then, they were invited to attend a RI where they were required to think about their responses to the DCT situations. The results showed that on average, the CLKs rejected native-speaker pragmatic norms in over 40% of their answers. 프라그마틱 무료체험 did this even when they were able to produce patterns that resembled natives. They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance. They attributed their resistance to learner-internal factors such as their identities and personalities as well as multilingual identities. They also mentioned external factors, like relationship benefits. For example, they described how their relationships with professors helped facilitate an easier performance with respect to the linguistic and intercultural standards of their university. However, the interviewees expressed concern about the social pressures and penalties they could be subjected to if they strayed from their social norms. They were worried that their local friends might think they are “foreigners” and believe that they are unintelligent. This worry was similar to the concerns expressed by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These findings suggest that native speakers' pragmatic norms are not the default preference for Korean learners. They could still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should reassess the usefulness of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will help them better understand the effects of different cultural contexts on the behavior of students and classroom interactions of L2 students. Additionally this will allow educators to develop more effective methodologies to teach and test the korea-based pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor at Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consultancy based out of Seoul. Case Studies The case study method is an investigative technique that relies on participant-centered, deep studies to study a specific subject. This method makes use of various sources of data like documents, interviews, and observations to support its findings. This kind of investigation can be used to examine specific or complicated subjects that are difficult for other methods to measure. The first step in a case study is to define the subject and the goals of the study. This will help determine which aspects of the subject are important to study and which can be omitted. It is also helpful to review the existing literature to gain a better knowledge of the subject and place the case in a wider theoretical context. This case study was based upon an open-source platform called the KMMLU Leaderboard [50], and its benchmarks for Koreans, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study revealed that L2 Korean students were extremely vulnerable to native models. They tended to select wrong answers that were literal interpretations of prompts, which were not based on precise pragmatic inference. They also showed an unnatural tendency to include their own text, or “garbage,” to their responses, which further hampered their response quality. The participants in this study were all L2 Korean students who had attained the level of four in the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second university year and were aiming to reach level six by their next attempt. They were required to answer questions about their WTC/SPCC as well as comprehension and pragmatic awareness. Interviewees were presented with two hypothetical situations which involved interactions with their interlocutors and asked to select one of the strategies below to employ when making a demand. They were then asked to explain the reasoning behind their choice. The majority of participants attributed their pragmatist opposition to their personalities. For instance, TS claimed that she was hard to get close to, and she therefore refused to ask about her interactant's well-being with the burden of a job despite the fact that she believed that native Koreans would do this.